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Hatt-i humayun (Ottoman Turkish: خط همايون, Turkish: ''hatt-ı hümayun'' or ''hatt-ı hümâyûn''), also known as hatt-i sharif (''hatt-ı şerîf''), is the diplomatics term for a document or handwritten note of an official nature composed by an Ottoman sultan. The terms come from ''hatt'' (Arabic: handwriting, command), ''hümayun'' (imperial) and ''şerif'' (lofty, noble). These notes were commonly written by the Sultan personally, although they could also be transcribed by a palace scribe. They were written usually in response to, and directly on, a document submitted to the sultan by the grand vizier or another officer of the Ottoman government. Thus, they could be approvals or denials of a letter of petition, acknowledgements of a report, grants of permission for a request, an annotation to a decree, or other government documents. ''Hatt-ı hümayun''s could be composed from scratch, rather than as a response to an existing document. After the Tanzimat reform (1856), aimed to modernize the Ottoman Empire, ''hatt-ı hümayun''s of the routine kind were supplanted by the practice of ''irâde-i seniyye'', in which the Sultan's spoken response was recorded on the document by his scribe. There are nearly 100,000 ''hatt-ı hümayun''s in the Ottoman archives in Istanbul. Among the more famous are the Edict (''hatt-ı şerîf'') of Gülhane of 1839 and the Imperial Reform Edict (''hatt-ı hümayun'') of 1856. For this last one, the Turkish term ''Tanzimat Fermanı'' is more accurate. This decree, which started the so-called Tanzimat reforms, is so called because it carries a handwritten order by the sultan to the grand vizier to execute his command. The term ''"hatt-ı hümayun"'' can sometimes also be used in a literal sense, meaning a document handwritten by an Ottoman Sultan. ==Types of ''hatt-ı hümayun''== The ''hatt-ı hümayun'' would usually be written to the grand vizier (''Sadrazam''), or in his absence, to his replacement (the ka'immakâm), or to another senior official such as the grand admiral (Kapudan-i Derya) or the governor-general (Beylerbey) of Rumeli. There were three types of ''hatt-ı hümayuns'': : *those addressed to a government post : *those "on the white" : * those on a document 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hatt-i humayun」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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